Afghanistan

Heidi Alexander: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development what recent assessment she has made of the effectiveness of a cross-cutting thematic approach to improving the lives of women and girls in Afghanistan.

Justine Greening: We must ensure that girls and women in Afghanistan have a full role in society, in the economy and in politics. UK funding is already making a big difference in these areas—it has helped get over 2 million girls into school, and our £19.5 million Tawanmandi civil society programme (with additional funding from Norway, Sweden and Denmark) has to date provided over half its grants to Afghan women's organisations to help them hold the Afghan Government to account.
	The UK Government continues to help improve the lives of women and girls in Afghanistan through the UK National Action Plan on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325: Women, Peace and Security. Last month the UK Government published its second annual review of the plan which can be found at:
	www.fco.gov.uk/en/global-issues/women-peace-security/national-action-plan
	The section on Afghanistan is at pages 15 and 16.

Gambia

Andrew Rosindell: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development how much her Department has spent in combating child sex tourism in the Gambia in each of the last seven years.

Lynne Featherstone: The Department for International Development (DFID) has not directly funded programmes combating child sex tourism. However, the UK Government through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Child Exploitation and Online Protection (CEOP) Centre does promote human rights issues and track offenders internationally.
	Promoting and protecting the rights of the child is one of the UK's human rights priorities. We condemn all forms of sexual exploitation of children. Our high commission in Banjul has recently supported the Gambia's Child Protection Alliance in bringing together community and religious leaders, members of the tourist industry and police and government officials to raise awareness of child protection issues and to protect children in the Gambia from sexual abuse and exploitation.

Gambia

Andrew Rosindell: To ask the Secretary of State for International Development what steps her Department has taken to promote human rights in the Gambia.

Lynne Featherstone: The UK remains concerned about human rights in the Gambia, particularly following the execution of nine prisoners on death row earlier this year. We have made our opposition to these executions—and the death penalty more generally—clear, both in London and in Banjul. We welcome the reintroduction of an effective moratorium on the death penalty but remain concerned at its non-binding nature. The UK also regularly raises concerns about freedom of expression and the protection of journalists. The sudden closures of Taranga FM Radio Station in August and, recently, of “The Daily News” and “The Standard” newspapers are worrying developments. At the September Human Rights Council meeting in Geneva, the UK supported a resolution on the safety of journalists worldwide.
	Our high commissioner in Banjul regularly raises human rights issues with the Government of the Gambia, both twice-yearly through formal European Union (EU) discussions and when specific incidents occur. Our human rights policy towards The Gambia is guided by United Nations and EU guidelines. In 2011, the British high commission in Banjul, on behalf of the EU, formulated a local strategy based on the latter.
	Under the EU/ACP Cotonou agreement with the Gambia, the provision of development aid is dependent on progress on human rights which is reviewed in depth twice a year. The amount of funding from the European development fund was reduced in 2010 by 20% due to poor governance and the Gambia's human rights record. It is unlikely that the Gambia will qualify for future budgetary funding until measurable achievements are seen.

Written Questions

Chris Ruane: To ask the Secretary of State for Scotland 
	(1)  how many written parliamentary questions to his Department received a substantive answer (a) within five working days, (b) between six and 10 working days and (c) after more than 10 working days in the last 12 months for which figures are available;
	(2)  how many and what proportion of written parliamentary questions to his Department received holding responses in the last 12 months for which figures are available.

David Mundell: For the period 1 November 2011 to 31 October 2012, the Scotland Office received 223 ordinary written parliamentary questions. All of these were answered substantively, and are broken down as follows:
	(a) 217
	(b) five
	(c) one
	For the same period, my Department received and answered 84 Named Day parliamentary questions, of which eight (10%) received a holding reply.
	The Government has committed to providing the Procedure Committee with information relating to written parliamentary question performance on a sessional basis and will provide full information to the Committee at the end of the current session. Statistics relating to performance for the 2010-12 parliamentary session are available on the Parliament website as follows:
	http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/procedure/P35_ Memorandum_Leader_of_the_House_Monitoring _PQs.pdf

Drugs: Babies

Nick de Bois: To ask the Secretary of State for Health 
	(1)  how many mothers gave birth to (a) one, (b) two and (c) three or more babies showing neo-natal withdrawal symptoms attributable to maternal use of illicit or therapeutic drugs in each of the last five years;
	(2)  what steps he has taken to reduce the number of babies born with neo-natal withdrawal symptoms attributable to maternal use of illicit or therapeutic drugs; and if he will make a statement.

Daniel Poulter: The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Standards for Maternity Care (published in 2008) states that all women who have a significant drug and/or alcohol problem should receive their care from a specialist multi-agency team, which will include a specialist midwife and/or obstetrician involving social workers and health visitors.
	Data on the number of mothers giving birth to babies showing neonatal withdrawal symptoms is not available, as it is not possible to link birth records with delivery records. We are therefore unable to say whether a mother has had more than one delivery where the baby has neonatal withdrawal symptoms. However, data on the number of babies born with neonatal withdrawal symptoms from the Health and Social Care Information Centre, is provided in the following table.
	
		
			 Count of finished admission birth episodes (FAEs) with a primary or secondary diagnosis of neonatal withdrawal symptoms from maternal use of drugs for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11 
			  Birth FAEs 
			 2010-11 1,033 
			 2009-10 1,150 
			 2008-09 1,062 
			 2007-08 1,105 
			 2006-07 1,074 
			 Source: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), The Health and Social Care Information Centre 
		
	
	The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence issued guidance for medical and health care professionals on "Pregnancy and complex social factors" in September 2010. This guidance seeks to identify the service organisation and delivery that would best encourage access, contact and use of services by substance misusing women, describing what additional consultation and support is needed.

Low Birthweight Babies

Chris Ruane: To ask the Secretary of State for Health what international comparisons he has made of the proportion of children born with a low birthweight in each of the last five years.

Daniel Poulter: The Office for National Statistics recently published “Measuring National Well-being—Children's Well-being”, 2012 which includes information on the percentage of children born with a low birth weight for selected Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries in 2011. We are also aware that the World Health Organization has published data on the ‘European health for all' database at:
	http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/
	which includes data on the percentage of live births with low birth weight for European countries over the period 2006-10.

Children

Annette Brooke: To ask the Secretary of State for Education what assessment he has carried out on the potential effect on disabled children in need of his proposals to amend the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families guidance; and what steps he has taken to mitigate any such risks.

Edward Timpson: holding answer 5 November 2012
	Our proposals to reform the assessment of children in need and their families are the result of a wide-ranging and independent review by Professor Eileen Munro of the London School of Economics ("the Munro Review"). Professor Munro looked at how the system could be reformed to keep a focus on the child's journey from needing to receiving help, covering both section 17 of the Children Act 1989 (children in need) and section 47 of that Act (children at risk of significant harm). Under section 17 of the Children Act 1989, all disabled children fall within the definition of a child in need. The legislative framework for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children in need (including children at risk of significant harm) remains in place.
	The policy intention on which we consulted—to put the needs of individual children at the heart of assessment—seeks to improve the quality of assessments and ultimately the outcomes for all children. The consultation impact assessment set out that we believe the proposed guidance is likely to have a positive impact on any particular vulnerable child, whether or not disabled, under both section 17 and section 47. Further evidence on this issue is being provided through analysis of the consultation responses and ongoing evidence provided from the eight trial authorities who are testing a more flexible approach to assessment. This is why the Government committed to undertaking further analysis of the impact on equalities, including disability, post-consultation.
	We are still considering the responses received to the consultation—we are determined to get the revised statutory guidance right so that it will be the catalyst for change and put the needs of all individual children and young people back at the heart of assessment.

Children: Corporal Punishment

Tim Loughton: To ask the Secretary of State for Education what his policy is on implementing the recommendations of Sir Roger Singleton in his March 2010 report entitled Physical punishment: improving consistency and protection, on extending the existing ban on physical punishment in schools to (a) madrassas and (b) other unregulated care and learning settings.

Edward Timpson: holding answer 6 November 2012
	The Government is considering the recommendations made in Sir Roger Singleton's report.
	We are absolutely clear that no child should be subjected to violence or abuse. All the settings referred to in the question are subject to the law which protects children from violence and abuse. Child protection agencies and the police treat allegations of abuse very seriously, investigating and taking appropriate action, including prosecution where there is sufficient evidence.
	Parents and those working within communities also have a responsibility to ensure that children are protected and that allegations are reported to the relevant authorities. Barriers to doing so must be broken down within communities and with the engagement of community leaders, supported by local agencies including Local Safeguarding Children Boards.

Children: Poverty

Chris Ruane: To ask the Secretary of State for Education what proportion of children lived in poverty in each of the last 30 years; and what projections he has made for each of the next five years.

David Laws: Estimates of the number and proportion of children living in income poverty in the United Kingdom are published in the Households Below Average Income (HBAI) and Low Income Dynamics (LID) series.
	The Child Poverty Act 2010 sets four income-based UK-wide targets to be met by 2020. The targets are based on the proportion of children living in households with relative low income, combined low income and material deprivation, absolute low income and persistent poverty (all before housing costs have been taken into account).
	The Government has not produced forecasts of the number of children living in income poverty for the next five years. The number of children in poverty is dependent on a number of factors which cannot be reliably predicted, including the median income.
	Relative low income and absolute low income figures which cover the period of 30 years and combined low income and material deprivation for the last seven years for the UK can be found in table 1.
	
		
			 Table 1: Child poverty statistics: Percentage of children falling below various thresholds, 1981 to 2010/11 
			 Percentage 
			  Relative low income (BHC) Absolute low income (BHC) Combined low income and material deprivation 
			 1981 19 43 — 
			 1987 23 34 — 
			 1988 and 1989 25 31 — 
			 1990 and 1991 27 32 — 
			 1991 and 1992 28 32 — 
			 1992 and 1993 29 33 — 
			 1993/94 and 1994/95 28 31 — 
			 1994/95 and 1995/96 27 29 — 
			 1995/96 and 1996/97 29 30 — 
			 1994/95 25 30 — 
			 1995/96 24 29 — 
			 1996/97 27 29 — 
			 1997/98 27 28 — 
			 1998/99 26 26 — 
			 1999/00 26 23 — 
			 2000/01 23 19 — 
			 2001/02 23 15 — 
			 2002/03 23 14 — 
			 2003/04 22 14 — 
			 2004/05 21 13 17 
			 2005/06 22 13 16 
			 2006/07 22 13 16 
			 2007/08 23 13 17 
			 2008/09 22 12 17 
			 2009/10 20 11 16 
			 2010/11 18 11 14 
			 Notes: 1. These statistics are based on the 2010/11 Households Below Average Income (HBAI) publication, which uses disposable household income, adjusted using modified OECD equivalisation factors for household size and composition, as an income measure as a proxy for standard of living and is available at: http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/index.php?page=hbai_arc 2. The statistics from 1981 to 1995/96 and 1996/97 are sourced from the Financial Expenditure Survey (FES) and are for the United Kingdom. These are single calendar years for 1981 and 1987; two combined calendar years from 1988 and 1993 and two financial years from 1993/94 to 1996/97. 3. The statistics from 1994/95 onwards are sourced from the Family Resources Survey (FRS) and are for Great Britain only up to 1997/98 and are for the United Kingdom from 1998/99 onwards. 4. The relative low income child poverty measure captures the number of children who live in a household with an equivalised income below 60% of contemporary median income, Before Housing Costs (BHC). 5. The absolute low income child poverty measure captures the number of children who live in a household with an equivalised income below 60% of 1998/99 median household income held constant in real terms. 6. The combined low income and material deprivation measure captures the number of children who live in a household with an equivalised income below 70% of contemporary median income and have a material deprivation score of 25 or more. A suite of questions designed to capture the material deprivation experienced by families have only been captured since 2004/05 and are therefore only available from this year onwards. 7. All estimates are based on survey data and are therefore subject to a degree of uncertainty. Small differences should be treated with caution as these will be affected by sampling error and variability in non-response. 8. Percentages of children in low-income households have been rounded to the nearest percentage point. Source: Households Below Average Income (HBAI) 2010/11 
		
	
	Figures for persistent poverty are published in a separate statistical release called Low Income Dynamics (LID) and are only available from 1991-94 onwards, they can be found in table 2:
	
		
			 Table 2: Persistent child poverty statistics 1991/94 to 2005/08 
			 Percentage 
			  Persistent poverty (BHC) 
			 1991/94 19 
			 1992/95 18 
			 1993/96 17 
			 1994/97 17 
			 1995/98 17 
			 1996/99 17 
			 1997/2000 17 
			 1998/01 17 
			 1999/02 16 
			 2000/03 14 
			 2001/04 12 
			 2002/05 11 
			 2003/06 10 
			 2004/07 10 
			 2005/08 12 
			 Notes: 1. These statistics are based on the Low Income Dynamics (LID) data sourced from the British Households Panel Survey (BHPS) and is available at: http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/hbai/low_income/low_income_dynamics_1991-2008.pdf 2. The persistent child poverty measure captures the number of children who have lived in a household with an equivalised income of less than 60% of contemporary median income for at least three of the last four years, BHC. 3. All estimates are based on survey data and are therefore subject to a degree of uncertainty. Small differences should be treated with caution as these will be affected by sampling error and variability in non-response. 4. Percentages of children in low-income households have been rounded to the nearest percentage point. Source: Low Income Dynamics (LID) 
		
	
	Figures for the period of 2011/12 for the first three measures are due to be reported in the next HBAI publication which will be available from the DWP website from May/June 2013:
	http://statistics.dwp.gov.uk/asd/index.php?page=hbai
	Data covering 2005-08 are the latest available data for the persistent poverty measure. These data were previously sourced from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) which has been subsumed into the larger Understanding Society survey from the start of 2009. Due to the time of data delivery of the BHPS element of the Understanding Society survey it is not possible to produce a Low Income Dynamics report this year; instead this period will be used to look into options on how to continue measuring the persistence of low income.
	Income matters but considering this in isolation fails to properly reflect the reality of child poverty in the UK today. We are very interested in developing better measurements of child poverty which include income but provide a more accurate picture of the reality of child poverty and will be seeking a wide range of views in the autumn as part of a consultation on how best to measure child poverty.

Outdoor Education

Barry Sheerman: To ask the Secretary of State for Education what assessment he has made of the effect of closure of outdoor education centres on the level of uptake of residential experiences by students from areas with multiple deprivation; and if he will make a statement.

Edward Timpson: The Government believes that schools should have the maximum freedom to design a curriculum that meets their pupils' needs, including through activities outside the classroom. We know that many schools value education outside the classroom and may choose to use outdoor education centres. However, we do not collect data on the number or location of these centres.

Primary Education: Teachers

Andrew Griffiths: To ask the Secretary of State for Education which primary schools had (a) fewer than 10 per cent, (b) fewer than five per cent and (c) zero qualified full-time male teachers in each local authority area in the most recent year for which figures are available.

David Laws: holding answer 1 November 2012
	The information requested has been placed in the House Libraries.
	The data show there were 5,812 primary schools (35.5% of all primary schools) where fewer than 10% of their full-time qualified teachers were male. This includes 4,483 primary schools (27.4% of all primary schools) where they had no full-time qualified male teachers. There were also a further 38 schools (0.2%) where the proportion of full-time qualified teachers were male ranged between 0 and 5% and a further 1,291 schools (7.9%) where the proportion of full-time qualified male teachers ranged between 5% and 10%.

Business: Government Assistance

Robert Flello: To ask the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills what discussions he has had with the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change on investment in green manufacturing jobs.

Vincent Cable: I regularly meet the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, my right hon. Friend the Member for Kingston and Surbiton (Mr Davey), to discuss energy and climate change policies, including investment in green manufacturing jobs. We are seeking to exploit opportunities for growth through green technologies and I have recently announced that the UK Green Investment Bank is operational which will support investment in green manufacturing.

Working Conditions

Jim Cunningham: To ask the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions if he will adopt the Protection of Workers Bill as Government legislation in order to increase its chances of being enacted.

Mark Hoban: The Government is committed to protecting workers and reducing violent crime. We believe the law already provides adequate provision for taking action against perpetrators of violent assault against people while they are at work. We do not therefore see a need for additional legislation as proposed by this Bill.

Working Conditions

Jim Cunningham: To ask the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions what steps he plans to take to reduce the number of assaults on public-facing workers by members of the public.

Mark Hoban: The Government already supports a number of initiatives to reduce violent crime. There is also a wide range of advice and guidance for employers in relation to tackling the risks of assault to their workers from public organisations and industry and trade union bodies.

Reserve Forces

Jim Murphy: To ask the Secretary of State for Defence what proportion of the additional reservists the armed forces plans to recruit will have military experience.

Mark Francois: holding answer 29 October 2012
	As we build our reserve forces it will be important to capture the skills of those leaving the regular forces, to grow the size of the reserve forces and to benefit from their resilience and experience.
	All three services are working to make it as quick and easy as possible for individuals leaving the regular forces to join the reserves. This includes simplifying administrative processes, examining the use of incentives and ensuring coherent communications so that individuals leaving or who have left the regular forces are aware of the opportunities that exist in the reserves should they choose to enlist.

Business: Loans

Philip Hollobone: To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer what steps he is taking to ensure that retail banks in which UK Financial Investments Ltd have a controlling stake lend to small- and medium-sized business in (a) Kettering, (b) Northamptonshire and (c) England.

Sajid Javid: As an engaged shareholder, UK Financial Investments Ltd (UKFI) works closely with the banks' management to assure itself of the banks' approach to strategy and to hold management rigorously to account for performance. However, UKFI's role is to manage the investment, not to manage the banks; the banks retains their own independent board and management team for strategic and operational decision-making. Within this overarching shareholder framework, management decisions are for the banks without interference from shareholders, including UKFI.
	The Government recognises that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are fundamental to the economic recovery. This is why the Government is taking action to help small businesses access the finance they need in order to grow.
	On 13 July 2012, the Government and Bank of England launched the Funding for Lending Scheme (FLS). The FLS will create strong incentives for banks to increase lending to UK households and businesses by lowering interest rates and increasing access to credit. As a result of the scheme, we have already seen a number of participating banks launch new and discounted SME loan products. As part of the scheme, the Bank of England will publish quarterly data for each group participating in the FLS including the amount borrowed from the Bank, the net quarterly flows of lending to UK households and businesses, and the stock of loans as at 30 June 2012.

Correspondence

Catherine McKinnell: To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer what his Department's target for the timeliness with which correspondence to Ministers from members of the public is answered; and what assessment he has made of the his Department's performance against that target.

Sajid Javid: The Treasury's target for answering correspondence from members of the public is 15 working days. In 2012 to date, the Treasury has replied to 75% of correspondence from members of the public within 15 working days.

Tax Avoidance

Catherine McKinnell: To ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer 
	(1)  how many visits HM Revenue and Customs staff made to investigate and verify employers' tax status in the latest period for which figures are available;
	(2)  how many staff of HM Revenue and Customs are available to investigate and verify employers' claims to be based offshore;
	(3)  how many staff of HM Revenue and Customs are available to investigate allegations of tax avoidance.

David Gauke: This Government is determined to tackle tax evasion of all kinds and ensure that the tax system operates fairly and efficiently for all. As part of the 2010 spending review settlement we announced that over £900 million would be made available to HMRC to step up their activity in tackling tax loss. This includes putting extra resource into tackling both avoidance and evasion, including off shore tax evasion. This reinvestment is funding a range of measures which will enable HMRC to bring in around £7 billion each year by 2014-15 in additional revenues.
	The information requested is not available in this format. HM Revenue and Customs compliance activity—from policy making, through support and education, to audits and investigations—covers all aspects of compliance behaviour from error through to organised criminal attack. HMRC targets its compliance activity based on risk rather than by direct reference to the legal entity. Therefore, this information could be collated only at disproportionate cost.
	Within HMRC compliance work is primarily carried out by staff in the Enforcement and Compliance (E&C) line of business. HMRC take a risk based approach to compliance activity and so a breakdown of the number of E&C officers available to investigate and verify employer's tax status or allegations of tax avoidance is available only at a disproportionate cost.

Growth and Infrastructure Bill

Hilary Benn: To ask the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government pursuant to his contribution of 5 November 2012, where in clause 7 of the Growth and Infrastructure Bill it states that the provisions of the clause exclusively relate to broadband infrastructure.

Nicholas Boles: As Ministers stated during the 2nd Reading debate on 5 November 2012, Official Report, columns 599 and 691, the provisions in the Bill relate to facilitating the provision of broadband infrastructure through street cabinets and telegraph poles.
	The provisions in clause 7 of the Bill amend the electronic communications code under the Communications Act 2003. Those sections on the electronic communications code are phrased in a technology-neutral way, as technological neutrality is a fundamental principle of the European regulatory framework for communications, to ensure effective and fair competition in the Single Market. However, the practical and intended effect of the clause 7 changes will be to make it easier to provide fixed broadband in rural areas.
	As the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, my right hon. Friend the Member for Brentwood and Ongar (Mr Pickles), explained in his speech, in the 1980s, telecommunications deregulation opened up the market to satellite television. We want to do the same for 21st century broadband infrastructure, and tackle the ‘digital divide’ that is socially and economically harmful to rural Britain.
	For the avoidance of doubt, clause 7 of the Growth Bill makes no change to the planning regime for mobile phone masts, which governs their location and siting. Planning is a separate consent regime from the electronic communications code, and planning is governed by the Town and Country Planning Act 1992, by associated secondary legislation through the General Permitted Development Order 2005 and by planning policy guidance in the National Planning Policy Framework.

National Parks

Hilary Benn: To ask the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government what consultation he has with National Parks Authorities on communications equipment and planning prior to the publication of the Growth and Infrastructure Bill.

Nicholas Boles: This Department has regular engagement with National Park Authorities on matters of mutual interest, such as planning policy, as do the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. We will continue to engage with National Park Authorities and local authorities on the implementation of the broadband support package announced by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, my right hon. Friend the Member for Basingstoke (Maria Miller), on 7 September.

British Indian Ocean Territory

Jeremy Corbyn: To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs pursuant to the answer of 30 October 2012, Official Report, columns 174-5W, on British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), whether the five Diplomatic Service officers who work in his Department and form the BIOT Administration are subject to the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the Environmental Information Regulations 2004.

Mark Simmonds: The five officers who work in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and who also form part of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) Government are not all Diplomatic Service Officers. One is a Home Civil Service Officer.
	Under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) and the Environmental Information Regulations 2004 (EIRs). specific individuals are not subject to the FOIA or EIRs. The FOIA and EIRs apply to public authorities.
	The FCO is a public authority for the purposes of the FOIA and EIRs. As such, information held by the FCO is subject to the FOIA and EIRs. The Overseas Territories of the UK are constitutionally separate to the UK. They are not subject to the FOIA or the EIRs. nor are the governments of the Overseas Territories public authorities for the purposes of the FOIA or EIRs. As such, information held by the BIOT Government is not subject to the FOIA and EIRs.

Bus Services: Environment Protection

Simon Kirby: To ask the Secretary of State for Transport what steps his Department takes to ensure that bus services are promoted as a source of green travel.

Norman Baker: Under the Coalition Government, the Department for Transport has provided £45m of funding through the Green Bus Fund which helps bus operators and local authorities to purchase low carbon buses. This funding will result in 593 green, low carbon buses on the roads of England by summer 2013.
	In addition, operators of low carbon buses which run on local registered bus services are also eligible to claim the Bus Service Operators Grant (BSOG) low carbon emission bus incentive of 6p per kilometre.
	The Department is also investing £600m through the Local Sustainable Transport Fund in order to cut carbon emissions and create local growth. Projects under the fund will help cut carbon, as well as deliver other environmental and public health benefits, by improving local access by sustainable modes, including public transport.